MUSIC, MYTHS, AND MOUNTAINS: NOMAD AESTHETICS IN KYRGYZSTAN
Keywords:
music; myths; mountains; nomad aesthetics; cultural heritage; KyrgyzstanAbstract
Mountains have preserved an outstanding cultural diversity because of their difficult accessibility. Despite high levels of cultural diversity among populations and ethnic groups over short distances, mountain people suffer from isolation, both from one another and from the rest of the world. Cultures can vary tremendously from one mountain valley to another; languages and artistic expressions, such as music and dance, and even entire sets of values and religious belief systems, may differ from one village to another within the same mountain range. In a rapidly globalizing world we must be particularly concerned with protecting cultural diversity, promoting cultural pluralism, and preserving tangible and intangible cultural heritage of mountainous regions. This paper examines the mountain music of Kyrgyzstan and provides us with new insights in which both music and myths help us to understand one of the montane peoples and cultures in Central Asia. This paper also reveals how symbolic meanings and values of mountain music are constituted into what is considered the “Kyrgyz” element in mountain music and it helps to construct a broader understanding of cultural issues concerning ‘music, myths, and mountains.’
References
Aitmatov, Ch. T. “Spiritual and Cultural Development of Mountains,” in Bishkek Global Mountain Summit: A Look into the Future. Bishkek, 2003.
Belyayev, V. M. Essays on the Musical History of the Peoples of the USSR. Moscow, 1962; Eng. trans. as Central Asian Music, ed. and trans. by M. and G. Slobin. Connecticut, 1975.
Buchan, D. The Ballad and the Folk. London, 1972.
Chadwick, N., V. Zhirmunsky. Oral Epics of Central Asia. Cambridge, 1969.
Emsheimer, E. “Singing Contests in Central Asia,” International Folk Music Journal. 1956, 8:26-29.
Entwistle, W. J. European Balladry. Oxford, 1951.
Erdener, Y. The Song Contests of Turkish Minstrels: Improvised Poetry Sung to Traditional Music. New York, 1995.
Hodgart, M. J. C. The Ballads. London, 1950.
Khazanov, A. M. Nomads and the Outside World (2nd edition), Wisconsin, 1994.
Kakeev, A. Ch. “About Philosophy of Mountains,” in Mountains of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek, 2002.
Karpeles, M. An Introduction to English Folk Song. London, 1973.
“Mountain Agenda” Mountains of the World: Sustainable Development in Mountain Areas-The Need for Adequate Policies and Instruments. Berne, 2002.
Reichl, K. Turkic Oral Epic Poetry: Traditions, Forms, Poetic Structure. New York, 1992.
Spector, J. “Musical Tradition and Innovation,” in Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule, ed. E. Allworth. New York, 1967.
Tansug, F. “Traditional Music and Nomadism in Central Asia” in Proceedings of the First International Scientific Seminar: History and Problems of Preserving and Development of Traditional Music (24-25 April 2004, National Conservatory of Kyrgyzstan), pp. 100-109, (in Russian) ed. R.
Amanova. Bishkek, 2004.
Tursunov, E. D. Ancient Turkic Folklore: Sources and Formation. Almaty, 2001.
Vinogradov, V. Kyrgyz National Music. Frunze, 1958.
Discography
Ordo Sakhna: Song of Nomad. The Folk Ethnographic Theatre. OSK. 2001.
Tengir-Too: Mountain Music of Kyrgyzstan (CD/DVD). Smithsonian Folkways SFW CD 40520. 2005.
The Silk Road: A Musical Caravan (2 Compact Disks). Smithsonian Folkways Recordings SFW CD 40438. 2002.