THE STRUCTURE OF MAKAMS (MELODIC MODES) OF THE ZHYR SCHOOL OF THE ARAL-KAZAL REGION OF THE ARAL SEA REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract

This paper examines the features of zhyrau maqams (melodic forms) of the Aral and Kazaly regions. The structure of maqams, their emotional focus, performance methods and classification by timbre and rhythmic features are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the division of maqams into types by the nature of kaiyryms (repeating musical phrases), as well as the dependence of performance on the mood of the zhyrau and the content of the text. The paper emphasizes that most local maqams require a high degree of training, knowledge of tradition and mastery of a musical instrument. A separate section is devoted to «kuitektes maqamdarga» - instrumental introductions that were previously mistakenly classified as «zhyr-kuy». It is indicated that such forms arose under the conditions of a ban on the performance of zhyrs and became a form of musical expression of the zhyrau in the Soviet period. The author criticizes the limited terminology in Russian-language studies, where the concepts of «zhyr» and «maqam» merge into one - «epos», and suggests a more precise use of terms. The work is based on the works of famous researchers such as A. Sarymsakova and T. Tokzhan, and raises important issues of preserving and accurately understanding the zhyrau tradition in the modern context.